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Most of us must have come across the concept of electric cars. How are they different from gas powered vehicles and how do they work?
An electric car is similar to a gas-powered car, except it is powered by batteries instead of gas. Energy from the battery is supplied to the electric motor which is required to propel the vehicle. Electric motors used in electric cars can be of three types – AC induction, permanent magnet motor and DC brushless. Each of these is a special feature of the motor type.
If you want a motor that provides top speed but less acceleration, then DC brushless is the right choice. On the other hand, the motor with highest acceleration but average top speed is AC induction. Permanent motor is one which has the characteristics of both the motors.
An electric car motor is powered by a battery-pack or group of batteries which provide the required power-supply. This power supply is controlled by a controller device that manages the battery’s power supply to the motor, so that the motor runs efficiently and does not burn out. Here’s a simple picture of how an electric car works. If you look at the complex picture, what you can see is an electrical system made up of many components such as fuses, wires and relay systems. Electrical wiring from the battery directs the current to the various components and a system of fuses acts as a safety net for incoming electrical charges. The various components that make up a car electrical system include batteries, relays, fuses, electronic controllers, wires, electrical connectors, fusible links, and switches.
There are different types of batteries available for use in electric cars. Battery selection should be based on lifespan, quality and power supply. These include lead acid, nickel-metal hydride and lithium ion. The most popular of the three types is lead acid. It is the lowest powered battery type, and it is also 97% recyclable. The one that is smallest in size is the Lithium Ion battery as it offers the best performance and range as well. It is necessary to replace the car battery every three to four years.
It is necessary to check the battery from time to time so that it always remains in perfect condition. This also applies to other electrical components otherwise their condition may deteriorate. Battery terminals need to be cleaned as they can develop corrosion.
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